Matrix
Matrix is a rectangular arrangement of numbers, arranged in horizontal rows and vertical columns. Plural of matrix is matrices. e.g.
Note:
- Each entity or number in a matrix is called an element.
- In any matrix Horizontal lines are called rows while the vertical lines are called columns.
Order of Matrix
If a matrix has columns and
rows, then the order is written as
.
.
Matrices are normally denoted by capital letters. If is a matrix with
rows and
columns, then it is denoted as
.
Elements of a Matrix
Each entity or number in a matrix is called an element.
If is a matrix with
rows and
columns, then the number of elements would be
.
Types of Matrices
Zero or Null Matrix: If each element of a matrix is 0, then it is called Zero or Null
Diagonal Matrix: This is a square matrix, where all elements are 0 except the
Unit or Identity Matrix: A diagonal matrix, where each element of the leading
Transpose a Matrix
Transpose of a matrix is obtained by interchanging its rows and columns. Transpose of a matrix . e.g:
Equality of Matrices
Two matrices A and B are said to be equal if:
- The matrices have the same order
- the corresponding elements of the two matrices are the same.
Addition of Matrix
Two matrices can be added only if the order of the two matrices is the same. To add two matrices of the same order, just add the corresponding terms. e.g.
Subtraction of Matrix
Two matrices can be subtracted only if the order of the two matrices is the same. To subtract two matrices of the same order, just subtract the corresponding terms. e.g.
Note: If are matrices of the same order, then:
(addition of matrices is commutative)
(addition of matrices is associative)
Additive Identity of a Matrix
0 is called the additive identity of any number because the number does not change. Similarly, there is an additive identity of a matrix as well.
If a matrix is added to a null matrix of the same order, the matrix remains unchanged. Hence the null matrix of the same order is called the Additive Identity of the matrix. e.g.
Additive Inverse of a Matrix
If are two matrices of the same order such that
matrix, then
is called the additive inverse of
and
is called the additive inverse of
. Additive inverse of
(just multiply
by
). e.g.
Multiplication of Matrix by a scalar (real number)
Case 1:
To multiply a matrix by a scalar, just multiply each of the elements of the matrix by the scalar. e.g.
Case 2:
Multiplication of two matrices: Two matrices A and B can be multiplied to each other only if the number of columns in A is equal to the number of rows in B. e.g.
A number of columns in A = 2 which is equal to the number of rows in B=2. Hence we can multiply these matrices.
Identity Matrix for Multiplication
If is any matrix, then the identity matrix of
(unit matrix of the same order as that of
). In that case,
Then
Note: If the order of matrix and the order of matrix
, then the product
is possible (because
). If
is the product matrix, then the order of matrix
.
Note:
For any three matrices , which are compatible for multiplication,
. Similarly
i.e. product of matrices is associative.
Normally unless
. Multiplication of matrices is not commutative.
If then it is not necessary that
If , then it is not necessary that
If , then
i.e. multiplication is distributive over addition i matrices. In the same way